The comfort women

The comfort women The comfort women issue has been a controversial topic since December 1991, where Kim Hak-sun and several other Korean women came forward in a lawsuit against the Japanese government demanding reparation as former â€Å"comfort women.†[1] Undoubtedly, there is an abundance of literature concerning the issue from both Japanese and American scholars. In addition, the media illustrates many different positions that have been and are still argued today. Yuki Tanaka, however, provides an interesting analysis of Japans comfort system in his book, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation. He begins on a personal note concerning his father and uncles being part of the Kwantung Army; one of many groups who participated in the comfort system. Tanaka suggests that the Japanese soldiers were not â€Å"monsters† but average and banal human beings whose participation was a â€Å"personal choice,† not a mass conspiracy of evil.[2] In essence, Yuki Tanakas book provides a sound examination of the origins and structure of the comfort system during World War II, as well as its further establishment for the Allies during the US occupation. However, Tanaka neglects the issue of â€Å"slavery† and overemphasizes the issue of â€Å"sex† within the comfort women system. While this is not to say that he fails to acknowledge the slavery issue, his book is driven towards the universal connection between war and sex, in relation to his focus on the ideologies of masculinity and dominance as sole grounds for the brutality against comfort women in Japan and later on in the expanse of Asia. In this review, I examine Tanakas approach on the comfort women issue by evaluating how his literature is structured. I also examine his literatures dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during the wartime as reasoning for his chosen direction on the comfort women issue. Lastly, I examine Tanakas use of terminology throughout his book and determine whether his chosen terminology indicates a trivial bias or an unconscious effort to categorize the differing levels of brutality in which the Japanese military and the Allied occupation forces exploit comfort women. Tanakas motivation to further investigate the comfort women issue stems from the continued silence from his father and uncles concerning certain Japanese war experiences. He suggests that he learned about his fathers wartime experiences through a historical filter, which is often a common practice with history-telling. Tanaka states that the silence warrants a further examination of the history of Japanese prostitution, as well as the practice of wartime prostitution by other nations, specifically the US and Australia.[3] Although Tanaka does not excuse what Japan did to women during World War II, he explains that it was â€Å"part of a pervasive pattern of worldwide male aggression and domination.†[4] Ultimately, Tanaka universalizes certain aspects of Japans military prostitution and the institution of the comfort system. This provides an interesting and rational approach to the issue, since deeming the comfort system as an isolated incident would be careless and ignorant. Tanaka structures his book into six chapters: the origins of the comfort women system, procurement of comfort women and their lives as sexual slaves, comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, why the US forces ignored the comfort women issue, sexual violence committed by the Allied occupation forces, and Japanese comfort women for the Allied occupation forces. In chapter one, he provides a detailed illustration of the how the comfort system started and how it grew from mass recruitment, coercion, abduction and transaction. Tanaka specifically relates the structure of the comfort system to the karayuki-san system of overseas prostitution. He highlights the progressive nature of the Japanese military prostitution system of using professional Japanese prostitutes to using Korean women in the comfort stations. In chapter two, Tanaka examines the significant emergence of Korean women in comfort stations during Japans colonization of Korea. While most literature concerning the comfort women issue focus on the exploitation of Korean women, Tanaka analyzes the circumstances pertaining to the use of Korean women as the main source for the comfort system. To enhance this aspect, he uses testimonies from Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese and Filipino comfort women victims to emphasize the drastic expansion of the system from China and the Shanghai Incident in 1932, to the entire Asia-Pacific zone after Japans attack on Pearl Harbor.[5] In chapters three and four, Tanakas focus turns away from the Asian community and towards the international community to examine common characteristics of military prostitution between the Japanese military and the Allied occupation forces.[6] Tanaka first examines the Dutch, Eurasian and Indonesian comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, where the Dutch military prosecute the Japanese military for crimes against the Dutch women, but not for the Asian women situated in the Dutch East Indies.[7] The issue of race is a significant aspect to how the comfort system is structured, as well as how the US and other Allied occupation forces fail to prosecute the Japanese military for crimes against humanity for all comfort women victims. Tanaka highlights the aspect of racial discrimination to place responsibility on the Allied forces for exacerbating the issue by failing to take action against the Japanese military. He also examines how the US occupation forces, along with the British and Au stralian troops, maintained similar policies of â€Å"military-controlled prostitution†[8] as the Japanese military. In addition, Tanaka raises important questions pertaining to whether these policies are still a common practice in contemporary military forces, and whether this issue is â€Å"integral to the relationship between war and sexuality.†[9] Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue takes on a broader focus, which encompasses other nations as active participants in their acts of brutality against comfort women. In chapter five, Tanaka uses a wide variety of Japanese and American documents to examine the true nature of the Allied forces military-controlled prostitution and the extent of the violence and rape suffered by women. With this chapter, Tanaka aims to bring the problematic relationship between war and sexuality into the spotlight of the comfort women issue. In chapter six, Tanaka establishes that the characteristics of the wartime comfort system were similar to the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA) established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. He maintains that the RAA was a less brutal establishment of military prostitution than that of the Japanese wartime comfort system. However, historian Bob T. Wakabayashi argues that â€Å"[i]f the Allies sexual exploitation of women was less brutal, then, this was largely because it was more lucrative for the women.†[10] Throughout the book, Tanaka emphasizes the problem of venereal disease, which only increased a s the comfort system expanded. While policies were implemented to prevent the spread of venereal diseases, none of the implemented polices attempted to discontinue the system. This, Tanaka suggests, shows how the preventive policies only increased venereal disease because soldiers were working around the policies to find other ways to meet with prostitutes. By examining how Tanaka structures his book, his approach on the comfort women issue suggests that he believes the role of the Allied occupation forces in the comfort system is explained by the ideological relationship between war and sexuality. Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue is defined by his books dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during wartime. He uses these aspects to universalize characteristics of the comfort system as an example of the relationship between war and sex. In addition, Joy Damousi also suggests that Tanaka views â€Å"racism and nationalism [as] interrelated within the ideology of masculinity †¦ [where] sexual abuse of women symbolized the dominance of the conquerors.†[11] Wakabayashi, however, argues that Tanaka purposefully shifts the issues focus from Korea to the Asia-Pacific zone to look for â€Å"charges of criminality† from international law rather than domestic law.[12] Tanaka addresses the parallel between the violation of the womans body and the domination over the enemy on the battlefield. He states that the brothels and prostitutes were used because soldiers believed that women were there to help the soldiers who fought to protect the ir country.[13] This type of reasoning indicates that the soldiers saw their relations with comfort women as a transaction of returned favors. Tanaka states that the soldiers mindset stems from aspects of dominance and masculinity enforced in preparation for the war. Tanaka also theorizes that sexual activity, especially during wartimes, provides an escape from reality, similar to the effects of alcohol.[14] Ultimately, it is used as a weapon against death. In relation to war, violence is needed when fighting wars, which translates into violence against women, in this case against comfort women. Physical domination over women, especially women of the enemy, translates into the humiliation of the enemy.[15] This type of war mentality is very common, not just with the Japanese military, but with the Allied occupation forces as well. Wakabayashi, thus, questions why Japan is the only country under litigation if other Allied occupation forces from the US and Australia also played a role in exacerbating the comfort system. A. Hamish Ion disagrees with Wakabayashis assessment and states that while the Allied occupation forces behavior was cruel, it â€Å"does not equate with that of the wartime Japanese military.†[16] Ultimately, the sexual abu se of women is inevitable during wartime because soldiers are trained to exude masculinity and dominance, which Tanaka explains is the â€Å"military culture of sexualized masculinity, a phenomenon common to military organizations regardless of nationality.†[17] Tanaka provides an interesting comparison between war and sexuality in relation to how this ideological relationship shaped the comfort system during World War II and into the US occupation. While Tanaka gives the impression that he believes the Allied occupation forces played a significant role in exploiting Asian women, he reasons that it was less brutal than the exploitation suffered during the wartime. Wakabayashi argues that Tanaka shifts the focus of the comfort system towards the Asia-Pacific zone for the purpose of using international law to evaluate the Japanese military. However, one must acknowledge that Tanakas shift in focus also emphasizes sexuality and its effect on war. For this reason, he concludes the use of sex was a main factor in sustaining military discipline.[18] Tanakas use of terminology throughout his book also factors into how he illustrates the comfort women issue. From examining his term use, the reader can question whether his literature depicts a bias or merely an effort to distinguish the severity of Japans military prostitution and the Allied occupation forces exploitation of women. Throughout his book, Tanaka does not use the term â€Å"coerced† like many other authors do in their literature. Instead, he consistently uses the terms â€Å"forced† and â€Å"recruit† in reference to how comfort women were procured. This is especially pronounced in chapter two: procurement of comfort women and their lives as sexual slaves, where Tanaka examines the circumstances of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. Often times, the Japanese military did not have to conceal how they were treating civilians.[19] In this case, using the term â€Å"coerced† implies bullying and intimidation, while using the term â€Å"forced † implies an outright proactive recruitment. In addition, Prime Minister Shinzo Abes definition of â€Å"coercion† states that â€Å"government authorities [were] breaking into private homes and taking [women] like kidnappers,†[20] which proves to be a fitting definition in the procurement of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. Tanaka also uses the term â€Å"procure† as a more general reference to how the Japanese military were obtaining and acquiring women for the comfort system. The overall use of this term encompasses terms such as â€Å"coercing,† â€Å"forcing† and â€Å"recruiting† in relation to the comfort system because it only specifies that the women were obtained, not the method in which they were obtained. Wakabayashi also hints at Tanakas â€Å"slight bias† when referring to â€Å"sexual slavery† for Japan and â€Å"military-controlled† prostitution for the Allied forces.[21] Ultimately, Wakabayashi feels that Tanaka â€Å"downplays Western military sexual violence†[22] because he categorizes Japan and the Allies role in the exploitation of women differently. Wakabayashi also accuses Tanaka of being hypocritical because Tanaka states in his introduction that he means no offence by using terms such as â€Å"comfort women† and â€Å"comfort stations† in his literature, which he describes as â€Å"cruel euphemisms.†[23] In addition, Wakabayashi is bothered by Tanakas use of the acronym â€Å"RAA† to refer to the â€Å"Recreation and Amusement Association† established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. However, it can be argued that Tanaka uses acronyms throughout his book, including the terms General Head Quarter s (GHQ), venereal disease (VD) and Government Issue (GI). His use of acronyms could either mean he is attempting to save the reader from repeatedly reading â€Å"venereal disease† numerous times, or that he is trying to downplay the Allies involvement in the exploitation because most of his acronym usage is located in the chapters focused on the Allies. It is not difficult to see why Tanaka downplays the Allied occupation forces involvement, especially when he refers to terms such as â€Å"prostitution† and â€Å"sexual slavery.† In this case, prostitution implies â€Å"payment of sexual union.†[24] Tanaka provides a brief examination of the structure of a comfort establishment by the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA). The GI is to pay at the front desk and pick up a ticket and a condom before meeting with the comfort woman. In the morning, the comfort woman goes to the front desk to claim half of the money paid. Therefore, one could agree with Tanaka and argue that the RAA and the Allied occupation forces were not as brutal in their exploitation, which is why only Japan is involved in litigation concerning the comfort women issue. By examining Tanakas terminology throughout his book, one can establish that his use of certain terms indicates a bias, but not an unexamined one. His chosen terminology als o emphasizes the sexuality aspect of war and its effect on how both Japanese and Allied troops influenced the comfort system. This review centers around the argument that Yuki Tanaka overemphasizes the aspect of â€Å"sex† and not enough on the aspect of â€Å"slavery.† This is because Tanakas approach on the comfort women issue is dependent upon the relationship between war and sex. This relationship implies a universality of certain characteristics of the comfort system or at least characteristics of military prostitution exploited by all nations. By examining the structure of his book and the terminology he uses, one can identify that Tanaka aims to investigate certain war experiences that the older generation of World War II, from Japan, the US and Australia, maintained silence about. In essence, Tanaka relies heavily on the aspect of â€Å"sex† where A. Hamish Ion also points out, â€Å"the issue at heart is not sex but slavery.†[25] Tanakas book provides an interesting yet reasonable approach to the comfort women issue. He manages to examine different sources from the Japanese Archives, the Australian National Archives and War Memorial, as well as the US National Archives, which allowed him to map out patterns and continuities between military prostitution and war mentality. He provides many primary documents throughout his book, including comfort women and military officials testimonies, witness reports, statistical data as well as photographs. He attributes most of this research to his fourth and fifth chapters, which would have turned out differently had he not visited the US National Archives. Tanakas book not only provides insight to the origins and structure of the comfort system during World War II, but also establishes the Allied occupation forces as a major contributor for the silence maintained concerning the comfort women issue. Therefore from this abundance of information Tanaka provides, one can co nclude that the established silence on the issue was not for the lack of resources, but because literature has over-examined different aspects of the same angle. [1] I use the term â€Å"comfort women† without quotation marks throughout the review to stay consistent with the authors use of the term in his book. [2] Yuki Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation (New York: Routledge, 2002) 3-4. [3] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 2. [4] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, (Forward) xvi. [5] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 5. [6] Raymond Lamont-Brown, â€Å"Sex Slaves for the Emperor,† Contemporary Review 281, no. 1640 (2002), http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 181. [7] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 78. [8] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 92. [9] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 6. [10] Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, â€Å"Review: Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism,† Monumenta Nipponica 58, no. 2 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/25066215, 245. [11] Joy Damousi, â€Å"Review: [untitled],† The American Historical Review 108, no. 4 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/3523712, 1122. [12] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 249. [13] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 87. [14] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 174. [15] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 176. [16] A. Hamish Ion, â€Å"Review: [untitled],† The International History Review 23, no. 2 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/40109381, 475. [17] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 179. [18] Damousi, â€Å"Review,† 1122. [19] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 48. [20] Hirofumi Hayashi, â€Å"Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military â€Å"Comfort Women† System and its Perception in History,† The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 617 (2008), http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 124. [21] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 243. [22] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 243. [23] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 244. [24] Sarah Soh, â€Å"From Imperial Gifts to Sex Slaves: Theorizing Symbolic Representations of the ‘Comfort Women,† Social Science Japan Journal 3, no. 1 (2000), http://scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/, 65. [25] Ion, â€Å"Review,† 474.

Critical Review: with No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets by Marni Finkelstein

In this critical review of Marni Finkelstein’s ethnography â€Å"With No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets† I will analyze and evaluate some of the strategies and methods used by this author. One primary issue I will discuss is the sample population. Finkelstein may have set the population limitations to strictly for this ethnography. Her limited observation location and time is also a major issue. She chose to study a transient population that, very likely, primarily comes out at night. Yet, she limited herself to one primary location and she only went there in the daytime. I will discuss the lack of follow up to the individual interviews as well. While she discovered some fascinating information about this subculture, she did not find what she stated she initially set out to find. Finkelstein’s goal was to study â€Å"gutterpunks† (Finkelstein, 2005), but what she actually studied were the substance abusing homeless youth of Tompkins Square Park. In her original hypothesis she wanted to learn about â€Å"alternative youth subcultures, especially those revolving around music† (Finkelstein, 2005). She does not seem to have accomplished this goal. There was little talk about music in the ethnography, on her part or the part of the kids. Was it because she found that there was no relation to music or because she did not specifically try to find youth involved with the music. It seems like she basically settled for just plain old homeless drug addict and alcoholic kids, which would be great if her goal was not more specific to finding â€Å"gutterpunks. † The ethnography is also based on an extremely small sample size. According to Finkelstein’s own numbers, she only interviewed 50 youth over the period of the two summers. That seems like an extremely low number of participants for which to base an entire ethnography. I would think that over a period of two summers- let’s call that 6 months- a researcher would have the opportunity to encounter hundreds of potential candidates to provide informational interviews. Part of the trouble may have been that she limited her participants ages to being between 15-20 years old. I believe that this restriction left out a great deal of potentially vital informants and information. It may have substantially limited her population size. For example, the 25 year old, named Scratch, who had been on the streets for 10+ years, would have been a cornucopia of information. But, all she did was use him to refer her to other kids in her required age group. The street culture in Tompkins Square Park did not have age limitations. I’m not sure that Finkelstein should have either. It’s important to note that all of the kids involved were heavily dependent on drugs and alcohol. Also important to note, is that she was paying her participants. This combination may have created unintended consequences. It’s possible that the kids were willing to tell vivid and imaginative stories to Finkelstein in hopes of being interviewed again and, thereby, being paid again. Many of the youth were willing to admit to prostitution in order to earn money for drugs or alcohol. Is it possible that they would prostitute lies about their own lives for the same end? Is it possible that they never really left New York? Did they just move into shelters in the winter? It’s impossible to know for sure. These kids are caught up in the culture of lies and delusion surrounding drugs; that is to say, who says they aren’t just verbally fantasizing with Finkelstein and passing it off as the truth. The location limitation was also unfavorable for this kind of ethnography. If one is going to write ethnography about a transient population, they should become somewhat transient themselves. Traveling with the youth would necessarily be required in order to get a full picture of their culture. The stories from the kids may have been accurate and detailed, or they may have been fabricated, but, either way, it is not the same as having experienced it personally. In order to fully understand and appreciate a subsistence strategy, one must subsist from it, if only for a brief period. She might have considered a more interactive participant observation model to more fully experience their culture. Finkelstein should have gone out into the park when more kids were out and about. She mentioned that she only when out in the daylight, â€Å"I would try to get to the field site early before the kids were either too drunk to be interviewed or completely passed out in the grass† (Finkelstein, 2005). Because these kids are alcoholics and drug addicts, it is very likely that much of their life takes place after sundown and before sun up. I imagine that they have quite a tolerance and are relatively functional for much of the early part of the evening. â€Å"Drugs and alcohol were a major part of the kid’s lives† (Finkelstein, 2005). I can certainly appreciate her concern for personal safety, but if th is is the population she wanted to study she might have made more of an effort to be around when the activities were in full swing. She only mentioned being at one party in the book. I have to believe that there were countless similar activities during her research, of which she was not a part. I have gathered from the ethnography that Finkelstein interviewed each kid only once. From that interview, she sprinkled quotes throughout the book. She mentions a few times in the book that she would interview kids and then never see them again. For accuracy purposes, and to get an idea of the level of honesty from her informants she should have conducted multiple interviews with the same kids. This would have been more likely if she was willing to spend more time in their â€Å"natural habitat. † Follow up on the interviews with the youth should have been done. Talking with the family or schools of the kids would have added much needed detail to the ethnography. Since she was paying the kids, perhaps she could have paid more for verifiable information about their previous mainstream lives. Then followed up on the information provided and reported her results. It would have been nice to have a section on what their families and teachers said about how the kids were before their lives on the street. Perhaps, verifying or debunking some of the information the kids told her. It’s not only important that the kids are on the street, but why. What lead them there and are the youth truthful overall? It would have been interesting if Finkelstein could have interviewed ex-Tomkins Square Park kids for her book. Do they ever get out? Do they move on to other arenas for homelessness as they age? Clearly, in Chapter 9, the kids have plans for the future. It’s also clear that their plans are of then just a shared illusion. They don’t currently have the means or the wherewithal to accomplish the goals they’ve set out. The kids, like Jeff and Joyce, clearly have plans to buy land, but no real idea of the amount of money it requires. I am sure there are people that did grow up and out of this subculture. I would like to have heard from them on how they got out and what became of their lives. I can’t say that have the answer on how to find them either, but it would have been interesting. Finkelstein did make macro conclusions from individual or micro level research. But she does come up with some interesting information about the small group of Tompkins Square Park youth she interviewed. This should not be disregarded, as homeless youth often are. It was eye opening to pear into this culture and community. The homeless kids often had a common bond because of prior abuse. (Finkelstein, 2005) They also bonded out of shared needs. Whether those needs be drugs, alcohol, or food, they were willing to share with those they knew were in the same situation. When they would panhandle they would pool their money with other youth. If one got some food, he or she would share it with another who was nearby. This happened specifically when Finkelstein bought some pizza for a youth named Tommy. Although he was starving himself, he effortfully walked across the street to give half of it to a girl who was panhandling. Tommy did not know the girl; he just knew they shared the common bond of being homeless. The Tompkins Square Park youth considered themselves apart from mainstream culture. Yet, they required it for survival. If they were truly apart from society they would have been growing or hunting for food. They would have traveled from place to place on foot. That simply did not happen. Wasting of food by mainstream society allowed them the opportunity to dumpster dive for food. Caring people would sometimes buy them food. Modern modes of transportation allowed them to travel around the country in quick fashion. The kids panhandled and begged for money. They participated in this ethnography because they were getting paid to do it. While the youth would like to consider themselves apart from mainstream, the reality is that they are just one part of it. What one has to keep in mind always, is that these are not highly idealistic youth as much as they are kids caught in the fog of drug and alcohol addictions. From the drugs and alcohol came the extreme level of violence. These youth walked around with weapons, usually a knife or things called â€Å"smileys. † The smiley would be made from a bicycle chain which sometimes had lock on it too. This weapon appears to have the capability of causing some pretty disfiguring injuries. These kids have no qualms about deploying these weapons. In fact it seems to be a regular event. This level of unreported violence is definitely one area where they keeping themselves separate from mainstream society. The question for me is: Are they reverting to more primitive behaviors because of the lack of civilized structure or is the alcohol and drug use the main problem. Finkelstein’s ethnography is a remarkable piece of anthropological work. It s also possible to learn from some of her mistakes. She states that her objective is to study the relationship between music and this subculture of kids on the street. She never makes any further reference to that issue. How did the music play a part in this culture? She stated that the size of the street kid population is substantial, approximately 100 million worldwide, but she only had 50 youths in her study. She interviewed them only once without and any follow up with the youth themselves or their families, school, or other organizations. Furthermore, she studied a transient population from one single location, primarily Tompkins Square Park. It would seem appropriate to have traveled with this population to get a real sense of their culture. Did they act in California as they acted in New York? Did they really travel at all? A main concern is that this work is based on personal stories from youth who are deluded by drugs and alcohol. There is no real verification of the facts presented. From these personal stories Finkelstein makes claims about all homeless youth, when she should really just be discussing Tompkins Square Park youths.

How Socialization Influence a Person

How Socialization Influence a Person Socialization is the process when the person learns different aspects of life interacting with other people from his or her environment. Every individual is connected with the other people and makes all decisions in accordance with the principle â€Å"we influence those who is influencing us†. The socialization phenomenon is the process of learning of different peoples and individuals regardless of their age. Each person has to be acquainted with the rules of the social group he/she belongs to. Social group may be a family, teenager crowd, army or country. Socialization is the process when the person lives in strict accordance with the way of life that society leads. The influence of socialization becomes obvious in everything. This process includes all aspects of everyday life, such as: principles, values, rules of life and goals people set up and share with each other. Being socialized means being aware of everything. The first and the most important part of the socialization process is the family. It exerts a great influence upon us and affects every individual because family members are the closest persons and we spent with them a considerable part of our life. They are the first persons in the entire world who teach us how to live and what principles stick to. Family is a nation in miniature where the same rules are established. That’s the first place where we learn to trust and to interact with the people of our environment. We grow up and exceed the bounds of our family circle. Here we have to say that peers might have one of the most important influences on our life next to our family. People get used to trust the peers and spend most of their time with them that leads to some kind of isolation from other social groups. The other part of social development is school. The school years play an exceptionally important role in the socialization process of young generation. No matter what background the kids already have when they go to school, they are taught to be productive members of the nowadays society and be well-prepared to the serious adult life. It is important to realize that we all

The Effects Of Anorexia Nervosa On The Human Body

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One type is linked to another type of eating disorder known as bulimia, which is characterized by bingeing and purging where a person eats and then purposefully vomits the food that was just consumed. The other subtype takes place through severe restriction of food and calories or starvation. The exact causes of anorexia nervosa are unknown. However, it has been noticed that the condition sometimes runs in families. Young women with a parent or sibling with an eating disorder are likelier to develop one themselves. There are also psychological,Show MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Deterioration Of The Mind1117 Words   |  5 PagesAdvance Placement Psychology Mr.Cuetara May 4th, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are in no way, to be considered â€Å"no big deal†. It affects the lives of many poor unsuspecting human beings and in some cases, fatally takes lives. This topic presents many things that most people don’t know. 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In this society, where only the fit and thin bodies are accepted and appreciated, eating disorders are more common than they should be. Children, starting at a young age, see skinny people on telev ision and in magazines. They hear comments on how their bodies look, then hearRead MoreEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAssociation of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.† (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds true meaning in this sense. One’s view and value of their body is self-imposedRead Moreï » ¿Eating Disorders; Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity in America1070 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Eating Disorders; Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity in America In many other countries, living skinny enough to show bones means they live in poverty while having excessive weight shows individuals living in higher class society. In America, obese and anorexic are two body types that have been called diseases, in which they is very similar and different in many aspects. I do not approve of anorexia nervosa or obesity. I want my readers to understand the effects of these diseases and what they canRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 PagesIn the words of Emma Stone, â€Å"you’re a human being, you live once and life is wonderful, so eat the damn red velvet cupcake† ( 2010, page number). It is evident that over the last decade the media has created an image that is unrealistic and unattainable for teenage girls. As such, based upon a macro perspective, the societal roles, status and expectations of young women have been impacted negatively. This paper will analyze how the com bination of media reporting, socioeconomics and socioculturalRead MoreSocial Norms Of A Female s Beauty And Body Image1234 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"You’re a human being, you live once and life is wonderful, so eat the damn red velvet cupcake.† – Emma Stone. The world is rapidly changing in the world of women. Even over the last decade, the role and social norms of a female has changed substantially. With that said, societies standards of a women s beauty and body image has a direct effect on teenage girls, leading many to develop eating disorders such as anorexia. There are two main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia

Speech Before Congress By Carrie Chapman Catt - 1429 Words

Three years after â€Å"Speech before Congress† was delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt, a well-known leader of the women s suffragist movement, women granted the right to vote and receive all rights as citizens. Catt’s speech was a major stepping stone for Congress to pass the 19th amendment. She was able to deliver her speech in a manner which was persuasive to congress because it encompassed all the rhetorical appeals. Catt crafted her argument by presenting herself with authority and knowledge, she also used undeniable logic by referring to historical precedence, and she evoked sympathy and patriotism in her audience by describing the trials of disenfranchised women to create a powerful argument for the enfranchisement of women. Catt remained eloquent throughout her speech as well as incessant, she was not afraid to stand by her cause in order to prove her credibility. While delivering her â€Å"Speech before Congress† she did not fear her audience, even though they were all men and some were even anti-suffragist. This created credibility with her audience because they would see her as a woman with bravery not afraid to express herself in an educated manner. She wanted the men to realize that times were ever changing; and women have the desire and right under natural law to participate in any and all political decisions. As she did not tremble while delivering this speech, with that she affirmed that women would not tremble either when faced with making great political decisions.Show MoreRelatedSpeech Before Congress By Carrie Chapman Catt1589 Words   |  7 PagesThree Years after â€Å"Speech before Congress† was delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt, a well-known leader of the women s suffragist movement were women granted the right to vote and receive all rights as citizens. Catt’s speech was a major stepping stone for Congress to pass the 19th amendment. She was able to deliver her speech in a manner, which was persuasive to congress because it encompassed all the rhetorical appeals. Not only did she describe benefits to enfranchising women, she also spoke toRead MoreThe Inevitable: an Analysis of Carrie Chapman Catts Address to the U.S. Congress (1917)1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Inevitable: An Analysis of Carrie Chapman Catt’s Address to the United States Congress (1917) In November 1917, Carrie Chapman Catt, leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), gave an address to the United States Congress expressing her belief that woman’s suffrage was inevitable, and requesting that Congress see it as such and vote to pass the amendment. Catt’s speech was based on facts and figures (ethos) from our own country’s history, logic, reasoning, and common senseRead MoreWomen Suffrage Essay Outline1137 Words   |  5 Pagess contribution Carrie Chapman Catt s contribution III. Life after the 19th Amendment was Ratified Females Versus Males Women s Adjustments to the 19th Amendment Society s Reactions to the Change Conclusion  The Women’s Suffrage Era â€Å"The only Question left to be settled now is: Are Women Persons?† Susan Brownell Anthony inquired in a speech she divulged during the 1800s, after she was arrested and fined for voting the year before. During the 1900s, and many years before that, women becameRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Era1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Women’s Suffrage Era â€Å"The only Question left to be settled now is: Are Women Persons?† Susan Brownell Anthony inquired in a speech she divulged during the 1800s after she was arrested and fined for voting the year before (women s rights to the suffrage pg. 2). During the 1900s, and many years before that, women became vile to the fact of feeling suppressed. Two particular women became repulsive to the fact that women voting was a taboo subject. Because of the impact, these women had on the societyRead MoreWomens Suffrage Movement947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Woman’s Suffrage Era â€Å"The only Question left to be settled now is: Are Women Persons?† Susan Brownell Anthony inquired in a speech she divulged during the 1800s, after she was arrested and fined for voting the year before. During the 1900s, and many years before that, women became vile to the fact of feeling suppressed.Two particular women became repulsive to the fact that Women voting was a taboo subject. Because of the impact these women had on the society, The women s suffrage movement tookRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Movement1952 Words   |  8 Pageseventually snowball into one of the most remembered suffrage movements in the history of the United States (Revolutionary Changes and Limitations). The women’s suffrage movement picked up speed in the 1840-1920 when women such as Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Alice Paul came into the spot light. These women spearheaded the women suffrage movement by forming parties, parading, debating, and protesting. The most renowned w omen suffrage parties that were created during the 1840-1920 was the NationalRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Movement Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pagesexpressed at Seneca Falls. Pioneers of the women’s rights movement provided the present freedoms the United States offers today such as voting in federal elections, owning property, containing custody of their children, and holding public office. Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony were one of the first crusaders of the movement, who sacrificed their own time and happiness to pursue the respect women deserved. The suffragists inspires thousands of individuals to lead the countryRead MoreMuckrakers in the Progressive Era2521 Words   |  11 PagesMuckrakers    The term â€Å"muckraker† was originally coined in a speech in 1906 accredited to President Theodore Roosevelt.   It was alluding to the man with the Muck-Rake in Bunyan’s â€Å"Pilgrim’s Process.   The Man with the Muck rake seeks material advances by raking filth.   Roosevelt defined this term as one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders.    Muckrakers in the Progressive Era, a time from 1820 until 1920 when America quickly industrializedRead MoreBeing A Woman Is More Than Biology1658 Words   |  7 Pageslimiting them. Women are constantly being put in a box and this is the result of socio-economic and intellectual privilege that is mostly self-created. Following the post civil war, life for women had many opportunities that were not available to them before hand. The 1920’s are a pre-feminist era, the start of gender equality for women, the meaning of freedom changed for women in such a way that there social etiquette also changed. During that time, women’s involvement in politics and the work forceRead MoreThe National Organization for Women and the Struggle for the Equal Rights Ammendment1153 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment was slowly getting introduced to Congress roughly in 1982.Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. This simple sentence comprised Section 1 of the Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A), which was first proposed in Congress by the National Womens Party in 1923. Amending the Constitution isnt just a simple task. There are two steps to getting it approved by the Congress. First, the Congress must propose the amendment by a two-thirds

What Is Good Architecture Free Essays

How do you acknowledge something as â€Å"Good Architecture†? In Cesar Pelli’s â€Å"Connections†, he narrowed down eight â€Å"connections† of architecture with the world, which, when given importance, could help shape a good building. These connections can be helpful to architects and those who aspire to be one as he conveniently enumerated the factors, based on his observations, on how to have a good architecture. However, Cesar Pelli mentioned that ignoring one of these connections undermines the architecture, with which I disagree. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Good Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personally, I think that the connection ‘time’ should be dependent on the place. He described this connection that architecture should go along with the modern architecture. However, for me, as long as the traditional building styles belong to a place and has an improved construction, I think that these structures should still be built as it preserves the cultural identity of that location. One example of how modern architecture disrupts the vibe of the surrounding buildings is the Buenaventura Garcia Paredes, O.P. Building in the University of Santo Tomas. Passersby often described the design of this building as out-of-place because of its modern look compared to the other buildings in the university. On the other hand, the buildings in Calle Crisologo located in Vigan is an example of structures that ignored the connection ‘time’, but still doesn’t give off a disconnected feeling as its design, even the newly-built structures, suits the environment of the place. Throughout time, the meaning of â€Å"Good Architecture† was never definite. (â€Å"What Is Good Architecture?†, n.d.) Aside from what I mentioned above, I applaud Cesar Pelli’s writing of â€Å"Connections† as he clearly defined on how the eight connections contribute to a good architecture, especially when he cited some of his works that demonstrated his use of the eight â€Å"connections†. I also liked how the author didn’t limit the other architects as he mentioned that some may opt to have more or lesser â€Å"connections† than his. His purpose of introducing the connections were effective as he does not only gave description to them, but gave examples of how ignoring the connections may create an unpleasant output. How to cite What Is Good Architecture, Papers

Technology and Innovation Management Payment Service Organization

Question: Describe about the Technology and Innovation Management for Payment Service Organization. Answer: Introduction Section 1: First Section MasterCard is one of the leading online payment services organizations in the world today. With the advent of globalization, the online payment processing services has become a key element of the innovations of the new technologies where the consumers use such services for online shopping, touch less transactions and in future to have biometric technology. The firm Master Charge framework was established by some banks of California in 1960s to contest with Visa (earlier known as Bank AmeriCard). The name Master Card was introduced in 1980 and now it is the second largest online payment service in USA after Visa. With the advent of globalization, it has become imperative for Master Card to keep pace with the new rivals existing in the market and thus such competition is both a challenge and an opportunity to the organization. Master Card conquered Euro pay International, one of the leading credit card network in Europe in the year 2002. The banks in Europe that was the holder of Euro pay now holds an ample stake in Master Card. The banks of Europe are habituated of saying a lot about the activities of Master Card in Europe and this loss in trust ultimately affected the IPO negotiations. Creativity refers to the process of innovating values by working differently, and it is generally meant to believe that it is a successful implementation of a new technique, which will be beneficial to generate value. It refers to revolutionary, radical transformation in the idea of a process or product. It can also be minimum alterations which lead to sustainable improvements rather than a huge change. The essential feature of what answers innovation in the industry of financial services is that these transformations need to rise the value for the clients and the manufacturer. The aim of innovation is to bring in a positive change and to improve the process. The meaning of the word value differs from person to person and thus defining it would be like different consumers and markets can seek out different need in something that is costing them the same amount as they find a different beneficial package rendered to them in specific situations. According to Davenport (2013), innovatio ns related to finance is something unique that decreases costs and risks and gives out an updated product or service that satisfies the demands of the participants better. This study will provide information about the logic based analysis of innovation in the payment process that has led to the efficiency in the consumer payment services in Australia and in other countries as well during the last few years. In this respect, it also examines the effect of suitable variables that impede such variables. With new and modern techniques in this industry, such techniques mainly concentrate on a sustainable improvement of the payment process and services, subsequently improving the user proposition of the customers. Adoption of new technologies in the perpetual payment services is an effect of evolution in the technological sector. The mobile phone use as a method of payment channel is also in use in Australia with patience waits for a couple of years after which they are predicted to be introduced in the prevailing market. The paper will thus discuss about the innovative techniques introduced by the Master Card and how the implementation of such mechanism will develop the economy and the standard of living of the citizens of the society. The reason behind choosing the organization Master Card in Australia is due to the fact that there have been significant changes in the Australian payment service over a period of time. The use of paper like cheques as a mode of payment have been replaced by electronic substitutes with paper based transactions limiting to only old and conservative customers. The process of direct debit and direct credit has been in use for the last twenty years but the path of use has changed over the years from the counters of a bank to internet. Internet has been an easier access to the customers and firms has compelled to have a growth in these type of payment process. In the 90s, Telstra (earlier known as Telecom Australia) brought in prepaid stored value cards and in the current scenario such cards are being used very economic sector even in the ATMS. Australia has seen drastic changes with the introduction of substitute electronic payment systems like BPAY, Pay Pal, Post Bill Pay etc in the las t ten years. At the expense of cheque, which have reduced in both value and quantity, electronic payment mechanism has increased to a substantial amount. EFTPOS and credit cards have seen the growth to the largest amount with respect to the number of transactions. The uniqueness in the future step of payment is the use of biometrics which is merging rapidly. Most of the major organizations are using fingerprints for a valid identification to make payments with respect to PIN and signature, which can be duplicated or stolen. For example, the application named Pay-by-Touch used in some supermarkets in US is the perfect example of the use of biometrics. There still has been improvements in the authentication method in the internet payment service and the customers are still worried about the fact that their personal information and payments are not safe yet. Section 2: Collaboration strategies One of the main concerns about every organization is to find answers to the difficult decisions with respect to the operations to be performed internally and externally and whether to operate individually or collaboratively with one or more partners. Collaboration also enables the companies to reach for more at an increased rate with low risk and cost associated to it. But still, there exists a few negatives in collaboration as the new firm can expose the organization to risks (Yoo, 2013). Collaboration sometimes result in giving up a certain degree of supervision on the development and few share predicted awards for the creativity but it can also reveal the industry to risk of misconduct by the partners. Master Card however though does not need any collaboration with any other companies as Master Card itself possesses its own resources and capabilities for the innovation and development of internal projects. The organization also might think of selecting a project of individual venture if it thinks that collaborating might put the technologies at a risk. Few organizations think of avoiding any collaboration as it thinks that the proprietary technologies may not be a secret anymore. If the organization works with another firm, the trade secrets of the organization may get exposed to its rivals. The organizations also seek to have exclusive hold on its own technologies during the development period. Every firm wishes not to disclose its detailed secretes about its product or service for the exchange of any patents and thus most of the enterprise wishes to keep its innovations as trade secrets. Trade secret thus refers to any information that remains solely to particular firm and remains unknown to the others. Any information is treated to be a trade secret only if it shows a distinctive edge to any company in the economic sense and remains valuable only till the time when the information remains private. Thus trade secrets include data about a companys customers, its goals and its business processes. Any data can be treated as a trade secret only if it meets the norms under the Uniform Trade Secret Act. The norms are as follows: The data should not be known or easily available through any legal means. The information should have importance regarding the economy and should remain secret. Reasonable measures must be taken by the holder to keep the information secret. If all the norms are met by any information, then according to the Uniform Trade Secret Act, owner can restrict any third party from taking benefits out of this data without prior permission. The act thus recommends that no one can duplicate or use to reap the benefits out of a trade secret only if they are bound by any confidential duty, or have signed a non disclosure agreement, gained the information through any illegal means or have received the information from someone who is not authorized to disclose it. For example, in many states of USA, if the entrepreneur of a trade secret feels that another party or firm has stolen or revealed its information regarding its trade secrets, then they can take the help of the court to file an injunction against any more use of the trade secret and they can even claim for damages due to any financial and economic injury suffered due to the illegal use of this information. For example, in November 2002, proctor and Gamble claimed that Potlatch Corporation had stolen its trade secrets to manufacture bath tissues and paper towels by employing two of Proctor and Gambles experts of manufacturing. During 2003, both the organizations had come to a settlement out of court keeping the terms of agreements a secret. During the end of the 1990s, Master Card redesigned its image as Priceless during its promotional campaign. The promotion delivers a message unavailability of cash can never stop anyone from generating priceless moments with the friends and families. Every promotional advertisement starts with the image that every service or product is bought with a credit card and is followed by a sentence showing some memorable moments, such as precious time with ones children which is not purchasable (Dodgson, et al., 2015). The word priceless then is shown on the screen along with a voiceover that There are certain things money cant buy and for everything else, theres Master Card. The promotional campaign promotes the organization as a financial service organization that understands family value and supports the restrictions of consumerism. The advertisement also shows that the payment service via Master Card gives a warmer feeling to the family and friends and not any interest charges or late fe es. The organization protects its brand very aggressively and has sued any infringers who have used their tagline Priceless. All the member banks and the merchants need to follow the rules and policies in how they represent the acceptance mark and brand marks. The image of the firm has however been faded through some litigation. The effect on the average customers of such litigation has been minimum, but the antitrust regulators wearing the shoes of the customers view Visa and Master Card to act together as the two major US credit card organizations like the next Microsoft (Shani, Chalasani, 2013). The advantage of such aggressive mentality of the firm can be seen at present. Master Card has complete control on their process of development though having a partnership can save money and time. They think that efforts for development are the essential elements to create and renew its abilities. Individual development of innovations pertaining to technology creates a challenge to the enterprise to establish new skills, market knowledge and resources. There are several reasons for an industry to choose an individual development but there exists several factors for a firm to engage in collaborative development and thus there exists an increase in such initiatives. The next part of the paper, discussions will be done for the advantages of collaboration and weaknesses and strengths of various types of collaboration (Norman, Verganti, 2014). External perspective The existing rivalry degree There is a high level of competition for Master Card as a technological processing payment unit. Its biggest rival is Visa as they have a similar structure of business as Master Card. The threat of Potential Entrants The level of new entry in this sector is minimum as the level of global processing payment facilities is huge. New entrants such as Jacobs, American Express and Diner pose minimum threat to Master Card. Bargaining power of Suppliers There is no supplier for Master Card as it is a technology organization and are continuously developing new ideas and security organizations act together to regenerate proper software and hardware. Bargaining power of Buyers There exist a lot of buyers for the firm such as banks, consumers and government thus creating a high bargaining power on Master Card as there is very similar substitute to this firm that gives same sort of service at the same price. Threat of new substitutes There is no substitute for such firms. Master Card is showing the way for universal payments processing. The chances of a new rival entering the market with some new ideas of seamless and easy payments that is globally accepted is very low. The reason is that the banks, governments and the consumers have a lot of trust in the existing firms such as Master Card, American Express and Visa (Lages, 2016). Internal Perspective Does the firm have a different source of competitive differentiation? The firm Master Card has met all the Hamels and Prahalad 3 criteria. The technology used by Master Card to present to the banks allows the customers to get benefit of cashless payments that is more appropriate. It is very difficult for the rivals to duplicate as Master Card holds the technology that is essential to perform such universal technology that can be used for many different services and products. Does the competency responds to a single business? The competency only transcends to a single business as Master Card is such a huge organization that any technological changes have become difficult for application. Thus they have established their own labs, which is a different department all together concentrated to innovate Master Card. Thus, the firm only concentrates on functioning the present business at a worldwide range and the labs concentrate on providing the current innovations and security. Are the competitors having difficulty to imitate the competency? It is hard to duplicate the competency for the new industries in the market. but for the existing rivals, there exists only one renowned competitor who is doing same job. Still, they have unlike business goals and aims. Master Card is the processor of the largest number of payments globally whereas Visa is the manufacturer of the highest number of bank cards with the largest number of customers who globally accept Visa. Section 3: Types and Patterns of Innovation The process through which the decision making authority is kept at the top level management is through centralization whereas decentralization involves the decision making to be done at the lowest levels of management. Centralization often comprise of both the geographical performance and to the place where the command over the performances are situated. It means that the operations may take place at a location far away from the head office but the decisions pertaining to the operations are taken in the head office itself resulting to an increased centralization than their physical location would have assumed. With respect to the industries having a number of research and development projects the problem arises whether to have a centralized and decentralized system becomes a complex issue. Decentralizing the RD operations to the different sectors of the industry often leads to innovative process and product which are in terms of the needs of the particular departments. The answers they create are in close relation to the department and the needs of the customers served by them. The projects for development also use the knowledge diversification and contacts in the market that exists in the differen t departments. But there exists a risk for recreating the wheel when the RD operations are decentralized. The repetitive RD operations can be functioned in different departments but the full promise of the technology to generate the value in the other sections of the company may not be found out properly. Moreover, keeping so many RD increases the economies of scale and the curve effects. In the other respect, if an organization undertakes centralization, it can maximize the curve effect and the economies of scale in the RD providing an increased division of labor in the experts working in the RD. The centralization also finds out the new innovations and technologies throughout the organization, increasing the consistency of the organizations new product or service development initiatives. There are certain arguments regarding the centralization and decentralization of certain departments of an organization. The use of decentralized and centralized process for development varies from firms to firms. A study by Tim Opler and Laura Cardinal pointed out that organizations, which are research oriented are more likely to establish individual RD creativity centers to improve the innovation transfers across the departments and also to provide a better communication system. Another evaluation by Peter Golder revealed that during the production customer products, an organization uses more decentralized RD providing projects according to the demand in the local market whereas focused with electronic business positions its RD in the centers of excellence that focused on only providing competencies. A firm with high centralization can able to make aggressive transformations in the direction and due its compact control and command structure helps to implement any changes in the low er levels. The decentralized firms may have difficulties to get cooperation from all the necessary departments for any significant changes. But in case of any environmental or technological changes, the decentralized units respond better as all decisions do not require to be taken permission from the higher level and thus changes are initiated rapidly. Successful procedural innovation can only take place when the partners, alliances and collaborators work closely and efficiently. The ideas created are then re-crafted and then becomes enhanced through inputs form different locations and groups putting in new skills and ideas and experiences. The implementation of PIN and Chip is an exclusive example of how rivals can introduce innovative products in the market. Master Card and Visa are thus can be viewed as firms co-operating before their public listings. It is on the basis of the co-operative entity principles, which are as follows: All the participants should have an equitable hold along with the provision of keeping it open to all knowledgeable participants. The authority needs to be distributive and equitable along with having the maximum possible degree that all the activities need to be voluntary. With respect to the above principles discussed, the US banks have accomplished few things which they would have been able to do on their own without taking such ample risks. The model of co-operation has provided all the banks to monitor and take command of their own products along with having the power to reach the national and compete with the big players like American Express and Diners Club. The organizations competing are not only the participants in need of some level of communication before any creativity can be gained. There exists an interrelationship with the merchants, suppliers, government and the other rivals in the market (Aghion et al., 2016). The First XI study established that the essential elemen t of winning network, a model identified as looking in and looking out. The First XI firms are concentrated in a number of ways, which are as follows: Their main concentration is on their clients to satisfy them. They work in co-operation with the other rivals. They take the initiative of making the future better. They even focus on going outside Australia as well They created a sense of responsibility towards the society. Out of all the points, working in hand in hand with the collaborators is the most important point for creativity and innovation. For example, Macquarie Bank is renowned for its variety of new and improved service and product developments but most of the organizations operations are done along with the joint venture with one or more partners. Though, the payment processing units in Australia had in past shown the capability to join hands to innovate, through the example of introduction of BPAY and EFTPOS in the most recent developmental projects, such projects have faced problems in gaining contracts from the institutions as projected by the postponement of the project BPAY assured that its MAMBO project had been postponed for a twelve month evaluation, during the period when the leading banks asked BPAY to curtail its present developmental rounds of work on the firms initiation and to reanalyze the project in the middle of 2009. The process goes down to how Master Card labs have implemented such innovations. It is often seen that innovations are generated to bridge in gaps in the market or respond according to the needs of the merchant and the consumers. The bigger merchants will thrive for innovations in a respond to increase the convenience, speed and loyalty towards the clients to decrease the expenditure and increase the profit margin. Such an incident is often seen globally in the present. It is thus done through proper business function to implement innovation in electronic payment process as well as finding out the craze for innovation. The payment service providers cannot predict that a creativity service will increase an substantial amount of demand among the customers just due to the fact that the service renders new technological abilities in an innovative way. The next aspect involves the provision of net benefit for a transaction, which mostly the banks and the other financial service providers give implement successful innovation. The creativenesses which need less changes from the known practices have more acceptance than the ones which are new and unknown and thus require a change in the behavior. The use of technologies to induce the existing payment facilities enhances an enterprise to take fruit out of the established practice system known to the customers to decrease their start up costs. The new payment systems usually contend with the older ones for financial resources and to seek attention from the management. The projects, which are long-term, pose a threat to the active business function with respe ct to the profitable debit and credit card activities who may not get the support from the industry due to conflicts among the different departments and having a horizon of short planning. The crucial network and mass effects can postpone the implementation of a cost-effective and useful creativity technique which results to the lock in of the products which are old (Johnston, Marshall, 2016). The crucial step for Master Card was the establishment of their labs, which was a big leap toward undergoing a business renovation. The ability to create new and innovative products efficiently and rapidly is the most vital factor for their success. Industries related to hardware, software, electronics etc often depend on their innovations, which respond to the increase in their sales. The key elements required for an effective product development is maximizing the requirements according to the clients, minimizing the time of production and limiting the development expenses. A new product to be successful in the market needs to offer better quality, attractive features and effective pricing than its rival products. Still many firms fail to maintain these features as they do not have a clear idea of the features the customers prefer or placing the product at a price range thinking that the customers will purchase it because of its new features (Baden-Fuller., Haefliger, 2013). The or ganizations too have problems of resolving the heterogeneity in the demands of the customers as when some customer base requires some other features, the enterprise might create a product compromising among the conflicting demands which results in the failure of the product to attract customer base. Finally an organization with a limited development cycle can quickly transform its product and provides designs which are due to technological advancement. An organization with such a cycle can take the advantage of both the first and second mover. The speedy production of new products also results in the degradation of the quality and poor market introduction (Amit ., Zott, 2012). Such cycles also put extra pressure on the development team resulting to overlooking of the faults in the production process. However, with such risks present most of the analysis have presented that there exists a strong bonding among the commercial success and speed of the new product. Reference List Aghion, P., Nicholas, B., Richard, B., Rachel, G., Peter, H. (2016). Alberts, J., Fry, B.(2015). Is Bitcoin a security? Boston University Journal of Science Technology Law, 21, 121 . Ali, R., Barrdear, J., Clews, R., Southgate, J.(2014a). The economics of digi-tal currencies. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 54 (3), 276286. Ali, R., Barrdear, J., Clews, R., Southgate, J.(2014b). Innovations in pay.Bitcoin and Mobile Payments: Constructing a European Union Framework,7, 293. Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). 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